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当华美的叶片落尽，生命的脉络才历历可见..
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The 10 Smartest Cities In Europe
When it comes to smart cities, Europe is the model for the rest of the world to learn from. European cities tend to be denser, have better public transit, larger commitment to cycling and walking, a stronger focus on sustainability and low-carbon solutions, and perhaps most important, a culture and citizenry more engaged in the journey towards more sustainable and smarter cities. Of course this is a generalization: this series of regional ranking reports has demonstrated leadership from cities across the globe.
But, as I wrote in our rankings of North America's smartest cities, our urban centers "demand 21st-century solutions to accommodate their growing populations in ways that not only maintain the quality of life, but also improve it. In short, smart cities are innovative cities."
Without further ado, here is the top 10 smart cities for Europe in 2013 (and here's more about how we ranked them).
1: COPENHAGEN
Notching top spot for the second year in a row Copenhagen has established a reputation as the leading green city across the globe. Copenhagen led the Siemens Green City Index for Europe and has also been selected as the European Green Capital for 2014. And with good reason. Copenhagen has one of the lowest carbon footprints/capita in the world (less than two tons/capita). Copenhagen also has the most ambitious carbon reduction plan of any major city in the world. They aspire to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025. That may sound a ways away but that is only 12 years from now.
In order to achieve such an ambitious goal, the city has established hardcore targets including energy efficiency and renewable objectives, green building standards (all new buildings to be carbon neutral by 2020), and increased transit access to name a few.
Of course, our readers are well aware of the impressive cycling rates in the city-approximately 40% of all commutes are conducted by bike. The city also recently collaborated with MIT to develop a smart bike equipped with sensors to deliver to provide real-time info to not only the rider but also to administrators for open data aggregation on issues of air contamination and traffic congestion.
2: AMSTERDAM
Like Copenhagen the cycling rates here are off the charts. In fact, Amsterdam may be the only city in the world that has more problems with pedestrian and cycling traffic congestion than vehicle congestion. 67% of all trips are done by cycling or walking. In fact, on a daily basis there are 10,000 bikes parked anywhere a space can be found adjacent to the central train station.
But Amsterdam is much more than just bikes. In fact, in speaking with the founder of this first bikesharing project in the world, which occurred in Amsterdam decades ago, Luud Schimmelpennick, showed me videos of their first experiment in electric vehicle sharing in the early 1990s.
In recent years, Amsterdam has stepped up its pace to be a leading smart city. Amsterdam Smart City is a public private partnership focused on using the city as an urban laboratory for the use of open data, new mobility solutions and ultimately improved quality of life for all residents and visitors. The collaboration has already supported more than 40 smart city projects ranging from smart parking to the development of home energy storage for integration with a smart grid.
3: VIENNA
Vienna has long been known as having a very high quality of life, but it is a city that hasn’t rested on its quality reputation. Vienna has a sizable range of smart cities activities and a planning department, led by Thomas Madreiter, that gets it.
In fact Vienna recently created a public private entity, TINA Vienna which is tasked with co-developing smart city strategies and solutions for the city. They gave me a document which summarizes more than 100 smart cities projects being developed throughout the city. One cool project is the so-called “Citizen Solar Power Plant." With a goal of obtaining 50% of their energy from renewables by 2030, the city partnered with the local energy provider, Wien Energy, they developed a crowd-funding model whereby individual citizens can buy half or whole panels and receive a guaranteed return of 3.1% annually.
Vienna is also testing out a range of electric mobility solutions from expanding their charging network from 103 to 440 stations by 2015 to testing EV carsharing and electric bike rentals. Another important innovation has been in rezoning dense neighborhoods allowing for zero-parking residential buildings. Residents in these communities commit to not owning a personal vehicle.
Finally, Vienna is renovating a 40 hectare former slaughterhouse district and turning it into a much smarter use: an innovation district focused on media science and technology. By 2016, the city expects 15,000 people to working on startups in the Neu Marx Quarter district.
4: BARCELONA
Barcelona is a cosmopolitan city known for its sun, architecture, and lively streets. Yet, Barcelona has been building a rather impressive portfolio of smart city initiatives over recent years. The city has taken a unique position of not only advancing its own initiatives, but trying to provide support for the global smart cities movement. This has been manifested in a few key initiatives. One, Barcelona holds the premier global event for smart cities stakeholders, the Smart Cities Expo World Congress. Pilar Conesa, the city’s former chief technology officer, is the director of the congress, and with her support, Barcelona has actually expanded this initiative to other parts of the world. This year, they co-hosted a smart cities expo in Bogota to serve the Latin American region. Barcelona is the driver behind the City Protocol initiative which seeks to connect global cities in pilot projects to address common challenges.
But for those living in Barcelona (or visiting) there is a lot going on in this space. Barcelona was an early player in testing e-mobility. They have an excellent bike-sharing project with more than 6,000 bikes, although last I visited, only residents could use them. Barcelona has also been testing all kinds of sensors on everything from noise and air contamination to traffic congestion and even waste management. Barcelona’s 22@ innovation district is also an impressive mix of smart urban planning and entrepreneurial innovation. This sector of the city has been transformed into an innovation home attracting local and international entrepreneurs to set up shop. The district has been so successful that it has inspired cities like Boston and Buenos Aires to follow suit. With all of their innovations and strong quality of life, perhaps it is no surprise that the life expectancy in Barcelona is among the highest of cities I have studied (83 years).
5: PARIS
Paris, most known for its fantastic museums and of course the Eiffel Tower, Paris has become a pioneer in the smart cities arena. Their most impressive initiatives have been in their complete embrace of shared mobility. Paris has led the world in their expansive and widely used bikesharing network, Vélib'. Currently, the system has more than 20,000 bikes and 1,800 bikes throughout the city. Evidence suggests that Velib has led to a 5% reduction in vehicle congestion in the city. Not to be outdone, the city partnered with Bolloré to create one of the world’s first and most expansive EV carsharing programs. Launched in 2011, Autolib will soon have 3,000 EVs in its carsharing fleet.
Paris has also managed to foster a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem. The Startup Genome project recently measured city-based entrepreneurial ecosystems around the globe, taking into account variables such as access to capital, volume of startups each year and innovations generated. Paris’ ecosystem was rated 11th best in the world.
6: STOCKHOLM
Stockholm has a deservedly green reputation. In fact, about 40% of its land mass is dedicated to green space. Stockholm was rated #2 in Siemens Green City Index. In 2010, Stockholm was the first city to be awarded the EU Green Capital status. Stockholm residents are also amongst the highest per capita users of the Stockholm Metro system. Like its Scandinavian peer, Copenhagen, Stockholm also aspires to become carbon neutral, by 2050 instead of 2025. Due to congestion management including urban tolling and pollution controls, Stockholm is the only global city to meet stringent the World Health Organization’s recommended air contaminant standards. Stockholm also can boast about its 800 kilometers of cycling paths.
It’s not all about being green. Stockholm has also received top marks for its commitment to digital governance. Out of 100 global capitals surveyed by Rutgers University, Stockholm was rated 7th and scored 1st amongst cities for its commitment to data privacy and security for citizens. The Stockholm Royal Seaside (SRS) urban regeneration project has also become a test bed for new information and communication technologies (ICTs) designed to improve the quality of life, grow the local economy and help Stockholm remain a green leader in the region.
7: LONDON
Not surprisingly, London earned first place in the smart economy category. It has long been considered the financial capital of Europe, but it has also emerged as a leader in entrepreneurship. The Startup Genome project rated London the 7th best entrepreneurial ecosystem, number one in Europe.
Of course London made waves with its congestion zone which generates additional income for the city while reducing traffic in the urban core. London also took strategic use of the Olympics (like Vancouver before them) to help make the city greener while also focusing on economic development. London’s Royal Docks emerged from the Olympics planning as a regenerated, sustainable commercial and residential area. This area is already home to one of the greenest and smartest buildings in Europe, the Crystal, built by Siemens to showcase smart city technologies.
8: HAMBURG
Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany and the first of two to make the top 10 ranking this year. Like a few others on this list, Hamburg also was awarded the European Green Capital designation in 2011. Hamburg also offers a high standard of living having been ranked 17th globally by Mercer in 2012 and eighth globally by Numbeo.
In recent years, Hamburg has embarked on widescale transformation. At 157 hectares, HafenCity (Harbor City) is Europe’s largest urban regeneration project. When completed in 2025, this roughly $14 billion project will house a university, a port, and lots of mixed-use residential and commercial development connected with excellent, green transit.
9: BERLIN
Berlin has a lot going for it as well. A concept closely tied to smart cities is the creative class work led by famed researcher Richard Florida. The evidence suggests that successful cities of the future will be those that are able to attract and retain the creative class who will lead urban renewal and economic growth through innovation and entrepreneurship and by supporting a vibrant cultural scene. Berlin has that in spades.
Enrique Moretti said it better than I can, in his recent book, The New Geography of Jobs: “Berlin’s well-established progressive attitudes, gritty but interesting architecture, and tormented history inspire a feeling of experimentation ... two zoos, three major opera houses, seven symphony orchestras, and scores of museums ... Walking along the beautiful streets of the historic downtown, you cannot escape the impression that this unique mix of creativity and high quality of life is hard to surpass ...”
10: HELSINKI
Helsinki barely edged out Oslo for the 10th and final spot in this year’s rankings. Helsinki really shines in the Smart Government arena. They have more than 1,000 open datasets and have been actively promoting engagement with developers through hackathons. They also played host to the first global Open Knowledge Festival in 2012. Berlin by the way is the host in 2014. Helsinki also launched their Forum Virium Smart City Project to provide ubiquitous data to their citizens in hopes of improving quality of life.
Oslo, Brussels, and Frankfurt earned honorable mention for 2013.
说到智慧城市，欧洲是世界上其他城市学习的典范。欧洲城市往往人口更稠密，公共交通更完善，对自行车和步行投入更多，更重视可持续性和低碳的解决方案。而且，可能最重要的是，欧洲文化和欧洲公民更致力于建设可持续性更强和更智慧城市的进程。当然，这只是概括而言：这一系列的地区排名报告已经表明了这些城市在全球范围内的领先状况。
但是，正如我在北美最智慧的城市排名中所写的，我们的城市中心“要求以21世纪的解决方式来容纳日益增长的人口，这些方式不仅要能够维持现有的生活质量，而且要使之有所提高。总而言之，智慧城市也应该是创新型城市。”
无需多说，以下是2013年欧洲10个最智慧城市（以及我们进行如此排名的原因）。
1. 哥本哈根（Copenhagen）
连续两年位居榜首的哥本哈根已经赢得全球领先绿色城市的声望。哥本哈根在西门子欧洲绿色城市索引中取得领先地位，且当选为2014年欧洲绿色首都。这一切都有充分的原因。哥本哈根是世界上人均碳足迹最低（人均少于两吨）的城市，也有超越世界上任何主要城市的最积极的减碳计划。他们的目标是到2025年实现碳中和，听起来很遥远，但距离现在也就只有12年了。
为了实现这个大目标，哥本哈根制定了核心目标，包括提升能源效率、使用再生能源、绿色建筑标准（到2020年所有新建建筑物均达到碳中和）和增加交通方式等。
当然，我们的读者也充分注意到了这个城市令人印象深刻的自行车普及率——大约40%的通勤是由自行车来完成的。另外，哥本哈根最近还与麻省理工学院合作，发展配备了传感器的智能自行车，传感器不仅能把即时信息提供给骑车人，还可以提供给有关部门以用于汇集空气污染和交通拥堵问题的公开数据。
2. 阿姆斯特丹（Amsterdam）
阿姆斯特丹的自行车普及率和哥本哈根一样超标。实际上，阿姆斯特丹可能是世界上唯一一个行人与自行车拥堵比汽车拥堵更为严重的城市。这个城市有67%的短途交通是靠骑自行车或步行完成的。实际上，每天都会有上万辆自行车停靠在毗邻中央火车站的任何一个可被找到的地方。
但阿姆斯特丹绝不仅仅只有自行车。其实在与卢德·奇迈派尼克（Luud Schimmelpennick）交谈时，他向我们展示了上世纪90年代初他们第一次实验电动车共享项目的录像。他是第一个共享自行车计划的发起者，这个计划几十年前始于阿姆斯特丹。
最近几年，阿姆斯特丹加快了成为全球领先的智慧城市的步伐。阿姆斯特丹智慧城市计划（Amsterdam Smart City）是个公共事业市场化机制，它致力于将城市用作一个开放资讯的大型试验场所，最终为所有居民及游客发展出新的交通解决方案，同时提高生活质量。这次合作已经支持了40多个智慧城市计划，涵盖范围从智能停车到居家能源与智慧电网的整合都有。
3. 维也纳（Vienna）
维也纳长期以来就以拥有高品质的生活而著称，但它并未因此而松懈下来。维也纳拥有为数众多的智慧城市活动和一个由托马斯·马迪特（Thomas Madreiter）主管的维护荣誉的企划部门。
实际上，维也纳最近建立了一个公共私营组织，称为TINA 维也纳，其任务是政府与民间共同发展智慧城市策略和城市解决方案。他们给了我一份文件，文件中总结了全城范围内正在实施的100多个智慧城市计划，其中一个很酷的工程称为“市民太阳能发电厂”（Citizen Solar Power Plant）。以到2030年有50%的能源从可再生物中获得为目标，维也纳政府与当地能源供应商维恩能源（Wien Energy）合作，采用群众筹款模式，个体公民可以藉此购买半个或者一个金属板，且保证每年可回收3.1%的投资。
维也纳还测试了一系列的移动电源解决方案，包括在2015年之前扩大他们的充电网络，把充电站从103个增加到440个，以及试验电动汽车共享和电动自行车出租。它的另一创新举措在于重新划分人口密集社区，住宅没有配备停车位，住在这里的居民需承诺不拥有私家车。
最后，维也纳正在翻新一处占地40公顷、以前被用做屠宰场的区域，将其加以更为智能的利用：转变成一处专注于媒体科学与技术的创新区域。到2016年，这个城市预期会有15,000人效力于Neu Marx Quarter区的新创企业。
4. 巴塞罗那（Barcelona）
巴塞罗那是一个以阳光、建筑和热闹的街道举世闻名的国际化大都市。而最近几年，巴塞罗那出台了创建智慧城市的一系列令人瞩目的新方案。这个城市不仅在强化自己的新方案方面有独到之处，而且在协助全球智能城市运动方面占有举足轻重的地位，这在一些重要方案里已经得到证明。其中一个方案是，巴塞罗那为智慧城市的利害关系人举办了“智慧城市世界博览会”（the Smart Cities Expo World Congress）这一全球性的活动，巴塞罗那的前首席技术长官皮拉·康乃萨（Pilar Conesa）是这个博览会的负责人，在她的支持下，巴塞罗那实际上已经把自己的新方案扩大到了世界上其他地区。今年，他们还与波哥大（Bogota）联合主办了一个智慧城市博览会为拉美地区服务。巴塞罗那是“城市协议”方案的幕后主导，该方案寻求在实验性项目方面联接全球城市，以对付共同的挑战。
对那些在巴塞罗那居住（或旅行）的人来说，还有很多问题正在产生。巴塞罗那是电子交通的早期实践者，他们拥有良好的共享自行车计划，有6,000多辆自行车，尽管上次在我参观时，只有当地居民才有使用权。巴塞罗那也测试了各种各样的传感器，用以减少噪音、空气污染和交通拥堵，甚至管理废弃物。巴塞罗那的22@创新区也是智慧城市计划和企业创新的结合，给人极深印象。这个地区已经转型为创新之家，吸引着当地和国际企业家们前来进驻。这项计划非常成功，以至激励了波士顿（Boston）和布宜诺斯艾利斯（Buenos Aires）等城市竞相效仿。拥有着这些创新和高品质生活，巴塞罗那在我研究过（83年）的城市中跻身寿命最高的行列或许不足为奇了。
5. 巴黎（Paris）
巴黎最闻名于世的是令人赞叹的博物馆，当然无疑还有埃菲尔铁塔。巴黎已经成为智慧城市角逐场上的先锋，他们最令人称道的创新已经体现在共享交通工具的全面覆盖上了。巴黎以昂贵而广泛使用的共享自行车网络Vélib引领世界，目前，这个系统拥有200,000多辆自行车，其中1,800辆遍布全城。有证据显示，Vélib系统使城市的汽车拥堵率下降了5%。为了赶上潮流，该市与博罗尔集团（Bolloré）合作，建造世界上第一个也是最具扩张性的电动汽车共享计划之一。始于2011年的Autolib项目将很快迎来3,000辆电动汽车加入共享行列。
巴黎还成功地培育了一个蓬勃发展的创业生态体系。创业基因计划（The Startup Genome project）最近在全球范围内衡量了以城市为基础的创业生态体系，将许多变量，诸如资本来源、每年新兴企业数量及其衍生的创新等计算在内，巴黎的生态系统在全球排名第11位。
6. 斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm）
斯德哥尔摩的环保声誉实至名归。实际上，这个城市大约有40%的地块被专门用作绿地。斯德哥尔摩在西门子绿色城市索引中排名第2。2010年，斯德哥尔摩成为第一个被授予欧盟绿色首都地位的城市。斯德哥尔摩居民的地铁系统人均使用率最高。就像同为斯堪的纳维亚国家的哥本哈根，斯德哥尔摩也有目标实现碳中和，不过是到2050年而非2025年。由于对包括城市噪音和污染控制等进行的拥堵管理，斯德哥尔摩成为唯一符合世界卫生组织推荐的空气污染的严格标准的全球性城市，该市也能够自豪于拥有800公里的自行车道。
不光是环保，斯德哥尔摩也因承诺实现数字化管理而受到好评。美国罗格斯大学（Rutgers University）调查的全球100个首都中，斯德哥尔摩排名第7，同时也在承诺保护市民的数据隐私和安全性的城市中排名第一。斯德哥尔摩皇家海滨（The Stockholm Royal Seaside）城市改造计划也是新信息交流技术的测试台，这一计划旨在提高生活质量，加快当地经济增长和协助斯德哥尔摩保持本地区的环保领先地位。
7. 伦敦（London）
毋庸置疑，伦敦在智能经济类型中荣获首位。伦敦长久以来一直被当做欧洲金融中心，但它在企业精神方面也崛起为执牛耳者。创业基因计划（The Startup Genome project）把伦敦列为最佳企业生态体系的第7名，位居欧洲第一。
当然，伦敦在治理拥堵区问题上引发了争议，拥堵区为这个城市创造了额外收益，同时也减少了城市中心的交通量。伦敦也能够有策略地运用奥运会（像之前的温哥华）来帮助自己更好地实现环保，同时也不忘发展经济。通过奥运会，伦敦的皇家码头成为了一个可再生、持续性商业和居住区，该地区也成为水晶大楼（The Crystal）——欧洲最环保最智慧的建筑之一——的落户之处。水晶由西门子公司建造，用以展示智能城市技术。
8. 汉堡（Hamburg）
汉堡是德国第二大城市，也是今年德国跻身前十的两个城市中的第一个。正如榜单上其他一些城市一样，2011年汉堡也被授予“欧洲绿色首都”称号。汉堡也提供了很高的生活水平，2012年，被美世公司（Mercer）排名全球第17，被Numbeo排名全球第8。
最近几年，汉堡开始了世界级的转变。Hafen城占地157公顷，是欧洲最大的城市再生工程。2025年竣工之后，这个耗资约140亿美元的工程将可容纳一个大学、一个码头和若干功能混合型、具有良好绿色运输能力的居住和商业发展。
9. 柏林（Berlin）
柏林也有许多成就。与智能城市紧密相关的一个概念是由著名研究家理查德·佛罗里达（Richard Florida）领导的创新阶层作品。有证据表明，成功的未来城市应该能够吸引和留住创新阶层，他们可以通过创新和企业精神、通过支持生机勃勃的文化场景来引领城市重建和经济发展。毫无疑问柏林具备这些。
在其新书《工作新地理》中，恩瑞克·莫莱提（Enrique Moretti）比我说的更明确：“柏林建立良好的发展状态、粗粝却有趣的建筑和饱经患难的历史激发了一种实验感……两个动物园，三个大歌剧院，七个交响乐团和几十个博物馆……漫步在历史中心地带的美丽街道上，你无法不认为这种创新性与生活高品质的独一无二的结合是难以逾越的……”
10. 赫尔辛基（Helsinki）
赫尔辛基险胜奥斯陆（Oslo），在今年榜单上夺得第十位也是最后一席。赫尔辛基在智慧城市的角逐场上真正是光彩夺目，他们拥有一千多个开放的数据集，而且通过黑客马拉松积极推进与开发者的合作。2012年，他们还主办了第一界全球开放式知识节（Open Knowledge Festival），顺便说一下，柏林是2014年的主办方。赫尔辛基也发起过论坛Virium智能城市计划，为市民随处提供数据，以望提高生活质量。
奥斯陆（Oslo）、布鲁塞尔（Brussels）和法兰克福（Frankfurt）等均荣获2013年度提名。
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